Arthur Millers The Crucible Essay -- Arthur Miller Crucible Essays

Arthur Miller's "The Crucible" 'The Crucible' was written in 1952 by the twentieth century American playwright Arthur Miller (1915-.) Miller was born in New York and educated at the University of Michigan where he began to write plays. Most of Miller's plays are set in contemporary America and on the whole offer a realistic portrayal of life and society and the theme of self-realization is re-current e.g. John Proctor in 'The Crucible'. 'The Crucible' was the third play Miller wrote. It is a play about the Salem Witchcraft Trials of 1692 in Salem, Massachusetts. It was used as a parable for McCarthyism in America in the 1950s. Miller's play 'The Crucible' has recently been made into a hugely successful film that stars Hollywood actress Winona Ryder showing its enduring themes. The play concentrates on key figures of the trials: Abigail Williams, Mary Warren, John Proctor, Elizabeth Proctor and Reverend Samuel Parris. These were all real people trapped in the devastation of the time. The disturbing storyline powerfully depicts people under pressure and certain issues involved, Senator Joseph McCarthy; an important figure in the USA in the 1950's is mentioned somewhat in 'The Crucible.' For instance; a certain similarity between the Salem Witchcraft Trials and McCarthyism was the fact that they both failed to make a plausible case against anyone, both their colourful and cleverly presented accusations drove people out of their jobs (and in 'The Crucible') and their towns and brought popular condemnation to others. The persecution of innocent souls is apparent in both Senator Joseph McCarthy's work and of 'The Crucible.' McCarthyism was when all left wing views were arraigned for un-American activiti... ...his essay. The witchcraft trials in Salem were remarkable, mainly for the numbers involved. Before the witchcraft hysteria was over the girls had pointed the finger at hundreds of supposed witches, not only in Salem but also in places far apart such as Andover and Charleston. They even accused people they did not know e.g. Abigail accused Hales wife whom she had never met. By October 1692 doubts had set in about the girl's testimony. In December 1692 Governor Phillips appointed a new session of the Superior Court of Judicature to clear the jails, and issued a general pardon to all persons still under suspicion. By this time, however, nineteen people had been hanged, one pressed to death under a pile of rocks (Giles Corey) for refusing to speak at his own trial, and at least two more people had died in prison, bringing the number of deaths to twenty-two.

Brave New World by Aldous Huxley

In the novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, one of the main characters that is presented to the readers is Bernard Marx. What this character’s name brings to the mind of the reader, and surely the intention too of the author, is the historical figure Karl Marx who wrote the book Communist Manifesto. In the book, Bernard Marx is described as a hypnotic specialist at the Hatchery and Conditioning Centre in the modern world. He belongs to the Alpha caste though his physical features do not fit him to be in this caste.Those who are Alphas are known to be tall but Bernard is rather short. Furthermore, he acts as an outcast amongst his social group. As Alphas are expected to be sporty in their manner and orientation, he does not participate in this leisure activity. This is the reason why he is seen as odd by the people around him (Huxley 38). As the novel progresses, the reader sees Bernard Marx as a loner and unhappy. The social group that he moves around with sees him as a reb el and a non-conformist. He questions the system of the World State and wants to fight for his individuality.In some ways, he is seen as someone who always wants to go against the system. He can be termed as a protestor to put it in another way. But this thing changes when one time he goes to the Reservation (Huxley 45) where he meets John who is considered a savage by the World State. When he brings the latter to London, he instantly gains a popularity he never experienced before. He becomes outgoing and happy to participate in the activities in the World State. This participative attitude of Bernard Marx in the new society will only changed when John refuses to be part of his agenda.The reader sees again that Marx returns to his old, protestor way. The World Controller sees that he has not changed and in the end he is thrown out of the World State to be deported to Iceland (Huxley 98). What can we see then in the character of Bernard Marx? We can conclude then that the protest att itude of him is not borne out of intellectual or of moral form in origin. The best term that we can see to it is that his act of his being a non-conformist among his social group originates from a personal and social one.I make this conclusion to the nature of his character since his being alone surely must have stemmed from his being short as an Alpha. As mentioned above, Alphas are designed to be tall but Marx is not. His manifestation of being a protestor comes from his anger of being not accepted fully by his peers, of being different from them. So in effect he sees no point of participating in all the activities that are expected of his caste. When an opportunity is presented to him that he can be accepted and even become popular, his attitude towards the World State suddenly changed.â€Å"Success went fizzily to Bernard's head, and in the process completely reconciled him †¦ to a world which, up till then, he had found very unsatisfactoryâ€Å" (Huxley 66). This opportu nity is when he brings John to London and quickly gains popularity (Huxley 66). Still, Marx goes back to his old ways when the chance to become popular slips to his hands upon John’s rejections of his agenda. In the end, he is deported to Iceland against his protests. The moral of the character of Marx then is that he is a hypocrite in his being a non-conformists and critic of the ways of the World State.His criticism of the system in the society that he lives in stems from the rejection he gets from his being physically different from his social group. We can thus sum up that the flaws that he sees in the World System are not genuine. The order of the World State will be a defect as far as Marx is concerned up until he is not accepted as part of his social group. When this has changed it is only then that he can truly feel a part of the new society. Works Cited Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. New York: HarperCollins Publisher Inc. ,1998 Brave New World by Aldous Huxley The Brave New World, written by Aldous Huxley, is an extemporary novel that deals with moral problems like the problem of how to achieve happiness in the best possible way. The novel includes the poignant role of the government in achieving this goal and the drawbacks it can create in a society. This paper will thoroughly discuss both side of the moral problem and how it affected the society as a whole. More often than not, a novel is a little interpretation and portrayal of an author’s life, experiences and knowledge. It would be hard not to incorporate his/her own opinions and thoughts inside his/her work.An author can go as far as draw sound arguments to defend his/her point, and all this can be easily done by describing his/her characters, the setting, plot, and so on. Aldous Huxley started writing the Brave New world in 193, and by that time, technological innovations as well as world-changing events were taking place, and society was at its total make over. From its prim itive way of life, the world was developing and advancing to a new and completely modern era. The event as a whole didn’t escaped the attention of Huxley, and all of this, no doubt, affected him, and resulted in one of the most powerful, thought provoking novels.His visualization of the world in the near future, maybe decades or centuries from the time he wrote his work, gave deep insight of the unfavorable would-be lifestyle of the world, which may not be so far from today’s way of life. It is Huxley’s ability to portray the future that uses his current observations that made his novel a classic, affecting not only the people of his time, but also the latter societies. Inside the book, Huxley introduced a moral problem. He presented a society that was under the total power of a manipulative government.Due to advanced scientific techniques, people live in constant happiness. Here Huxley wanted his readers to see an important question, should the state of happine ss be the prime goal of mankind, or should free will, at the expense of contentment, be the key. The Brave New World’s government chose the former, to keep its people happy while ensuring stability. It was the director in the novel who explained the mechanics of the World State. He explained that tremendous amount of conditioning is necessary to unfold the secret of happiness, and that you must like what you are doing.Making people like both their pursuit and the way of life the government wants them to do is the goal of all the conditioning. One of the defining moments of the novel was when the lead character, John, entered the story. The other side of the argument was brought into account. John, who came from a very different society, sees the World State in a very different way. Because he had grown up in a society where the government doesn’t have total control over its citizen, he sees how the citizens were denied of the truth of literature, history, emotion, and most of all, humanity.It was when he met the world leader, Mustapha Mond, that he was able to adamantly point his observations. But even though he understood John’s view, the leader refused to listen and continued to argue that it must be done in order to achieve happiness and stability. These aspects are much more important compared to humanity, the leader continued. He insists that social stability requires the sacrifice of the things John values. As long as people are happy everything will be fine. John protests that, without these things, human life is not worth living, even with happiness.Mond explains that the government’s plan is foolproof, with the help of soma, a drug that offers a way to deal with unpleasant emotions that lead to inefficiency and conflict, and keep people from trying to change the way they live. As everyone knows, utopias strive to work as perfection; therefore it is completely necessary for these societies to have moral values. The society i n Brave New World lacks values like promiscuity, over-population, use of drugs, and elimination of religion and family, creating a Dystopia. During the entire novel, Huxley makes evident that these values are missing in the society.As a peculiar characteristic the World State eliminates the word family. This word doesn’t exist for the people anymore, meaning that there are no parents or siblings; a person is created in an assembly line in mass production, creating 96 persons in one blow (Huxley, 6). This civilized society lives in a world where science and technology play an important role. Religion is replaced with God does not exist anymore (Huxley, 230). Instead of attending church on Sundays, people attend to services where morals are not learned at all. They just get accustomed to having sexual intercourse or taking soma.The government not only controls how one thinks, but it also controls one’s physical usefulness to his society. By genetically engineering oneâ⠂¬â„¢s body, the government can make it infinitely useful to itself. To make that one body feel no pain, to make the soul feel like it belongs to the society, and to make the mind open to any ideas is a vital asset for this government. The people are not always worried about death and can always relax in this utopian society since other people pleasure them, and with a society of happy people, the government never fears a revolt.One aspect of control that is touched upon from the beginning of the novel until the end is the control of the population birth and growth. As a way to maintain the society’s motto of Community, Identity and Stability, the number of inhabitants is managed through the artificiality of the brave new world’s use of technology. In the first chapter of the novel, the reader is introduced to the process of creating humans in this Utopia. The fact that machines do what is done by human reproductive systems shows how science has dominated over man in t his world.The actual process of creating humans is made possible through the use of a single ovary, which makes thousands of identical people. Since these people are similar in appearance, thought and relations, they are able to live in perfect harmony with each other. Huxley uses Lenina and Fanny, two of his female characters who are distant relatives from the same ovary, as people who get along well and are on the same page on issues concerning Utopian lifestyles. This is how the government of Utopia, made up of only ten controllers, is able to maintain stability among its people.Since stability is part of the brave new world’s motto, it is a crucial deal for the government to uphold. Something else that is controlled by government and science is any thing to do with marriage, romance and pregnancy. It is a rule by the government for everyone to freely have sex with anybody at anytime they want. It is against the rules of the Utopia to date anyone regularly. Government forb ids anyone to go towards thoughts of monogamy and romance because they require too much time and bring no stability to life.Science controls the aspect of pregnancy in the way that females have to wear contraceptive belts while having endless sex to avoid any pregnancy. Pregnancy is controlled because it brings pain and goal of the brave new world is to have happiness. Government and science restrain Utopia’s citizens from what is part of being human. In Brave New World, there are no feelings and emotions whatsoever because they are refused by the dominating authority which gives out the soma that allows people to do whatever they please without being guilty about it.But they live their lives with ignorance. Lastly, literature is another characteristic that makes this society a dystopia. It is completely banned for anyone to read because it brings ideas to people, creating individual. They are more focused in a society that consumes and every time is buying new things. Even M ustapha Mond, one of the new worlds' seven controllers, admits that the world they inhabit is far from perfect. Mond says to John those who have the ability to write the laws also have the ability to break them (Huxley, 248).Even the seven controllers of the World State break the rules by reading books. It is evident that even though they want to create a new world where the past is completely forgotten, they still want to read and learn. The truth is that by knowing about the past societies learn to not make the same mistakes again. Much of Huxley’s vision is already reality today. We are already seeing the development of the fundamental principles evident in the novel with things like cloning, government control, drugs to make us happier, and being a consumer based society.Now, when a scientific breakthrough is discovered, people will refer to us coming closer to the brave new world. We are more conscious of changes that technology brings upon us and try to recognize its po tential threats. This is the reason why there are always opposing groups of certain advancements, trying to see not only the pros but also the cons of new technology. Huxley therefore hasn’t so much aided in the creation of new technologies, instead he has made us guarded or worried about these advancements.The book helped the population see a future, which may not be so appealing, compared to many other futuristic novels, which portrayed a much happier lifestyle. Huxley’s upbringing, along with the world events going on around him, was contributory in some ways to the writing of Brave New World. More significantly however, are the effects the book has had on modern society. Not so much, that people have consciously taken ideas from the book and tried to implement them, more that the ideology has served as a gauge against which we judge the advents of technology.In conclusion, science has become a major part of this modern life. In Brave New World, Huxley predicts a wo rld dominated by government and science and how the two aspects influence humanity. Although I lack the understanding of a society of this New State, I can picture out what might happen to the world if the government makes this drastic operation. I can see a world deprived of passion and love. Everything movement is mechanical. Every reaction will create confusion. I can see them asking themselves, how will I react when I accidentally do something wrong? How will I love someone?The questions somewhat made me laugh, but at the same time made me sad. The prospect of having the same fate as anyone else frightens me. It’s as if we’ll all be buried inside the same caskets. I don’t like the idea at all. And by creating people massively, it automatically eliminates individuality. Parents are not necessary to raise a person, but they are actually wrong. Education starts at home, something very true in the real world. So if there isn’t any home or family, how can a person be raised to be a well-mannered adult? Reference Huxley, A. (1975). Brave New World. Markham, Ontario

The Leadership Of A 21st - 871 Words

1. Introduction Influencing an organised group to achieve desired outcomes has been defined as leadership, (Hughes, Ginnett Curphy 2015) whereas Northouse (2015) describes it as being complex with many dimensions, with some seeing it as a trait or an ability, whilst others consider it a skill or behaviour, with it also considered a relationship or process. In reality leadership most likely includes aspects of all dimensions, with each dimension explaining a different characteristic of leadership (Volckmann 2012). Leadership can be many things and has been summed up as: (L)eadership is great men and women with certain preferred traits influencing followers to do what the leaders wish, in order to achieve group or organisational goals that reflect excellence defined as some kind of higher order effectiveness (Rost cited in Volckmann 2012). Volckmann (2012) as an alternative defines leadership as an influence relationship between leaders and followers with an intent to achieve change that reflects their mutual purpose. The purpose of this report is to evaluate and analyse the leadership of a 21st century leader in a not-for-profit-organisation. Concluding with recommendations on how to improve the leadership and make a stronger impact on the followers and the situation. 2. Background and context Elizabeth Montgomery (EM) was engaged by Central Highlands Community Legal Centre (CHCLC) as a Community Legal Education Officer (CLEO) in 2005; between 2005 and 2010 there were aShow MoreRelated21st Century Leadership1633 Words   |  7 PagesThe intent of this paper is to review some of the qualities and traits of leadership that will be critical as American society continues into the 21st century. The focus of this paper will be on societal leadership, specifically, the political leadership of the United States. This paper will present the theory that there are several skills necessary in our leadership for the continued success of American society. There can be no question that the future holds great challenges for our futureRead MoreLeadership Style For 21st Century1477 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership Style for 21st Century When we analyze the success of large corporations like Ford, General Electric and International Business Machines, it is evident that they had series of leaders who were visionary and believed in empowerment of people. When we analyze tough phases of a company or companies that had a fall and ultimate demise, we clearly see a linkage between failure of company and absence of effective leadership (Canwell, Dongrie, Neveras, Stockton, 2014). 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Certo wrote â€Å"Supervisors are rarely, if ever, able to practice this style of leadership because the nature of the supervisor s job requires close involvement with employe es†Read MoreLeadership 21st century Essay5218 Words   |  21 Pagesï » ¿Leadership for the Twenty First Century Writing Paper #2 Leadership for the Twenty First Century University of Charleston Graduate School EMBA-601-NG-2012G1 Leadership for the Twenty First Century Introduction As we enter the 21st Century there is a serious question arising concerning our capacity to deal with the challenges. Based on a review and synthesis across a range of literatures coveringRead MoreLeadership Challenges of 21st Century2706 Words   |  11 PagesA Paper on Leadership: A Glance into Challenges for 21st Century Leader Abstract Leaders have always been our source of inspiration, passion and motivation to make us believe, try and achieve things that we may not have envisioned to achieve. 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Parts of this book have been producedRead MoreGender And Leadership During The 21st Century Essay1330 Words   |  6 PagesGender and Leadership in Healthcare Administration in the 21st Century Introduction The fast technological advancement being witnessed in almost every part of the world has led to tumultuous changes in the healthcare systems and administration as well. Consequently, a lot of concerns have been raised about the quality and availability of visionary leaders in the healthcare institutions. In other words, there is a documented need for leaders with transformational leadership skills so as to help buildRead MoreLeadership for Healthcare in 21st Century Essay602 Words   |  3 PagesAs 21st century, there is a change in era technology thus the leadership style also must update in line with the current development. It same goes with the changes in leadership for healthcare in 21st century. Thomas H. Lee in Arroliga et al (2014) said that health care delivery systems must develop a new kind of leadership to reduce chaos and improve outcomes. In this century, there are working collaboratively where different organizational structure are combine in one team during operatio n inRead More21st Century Leadership Of Willie Robertson1477 Words   |  6 Pages21st Century Leadership of Willie Robertson Willie Robertson is the Chief Executive Officer of Duck Commander, which is a family owned and operated hunting-accessories company. Willie’s father founded the company in 1972, but it’s been Willie’s entrepreneur skills and charismatic leadership that has developed the company into a multi-million dollar business specializing in the manufacturing of duck calls, duck decoys, cooking DVDs and apparel. He also introduced his family and company to the world

“Psychology And Acting Are Very Closely Linked. ItS Just

â€Å"Psychology and acting are very closely linked. It s just about studying people and how they work. It can be an incredible discipline and exercise.† (Danes, n.d.) Psychology like most sciences are composed of some facts, but it is mostly made up of theories. There are many different psychologists that all have a different theory on why a child acts the way they do. This is called child development, Child development is mostly studying how a child develops inside the body and the on the outside of the body. There are three theories when it comes to child development. The three theories are cognitive, social and moral. Cognitive is the idea that people learn from their own person thoughts. Social theory is the idea that people learn by†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The behaviorists approach only studies external observable (stimulus and response) behavior which can be objectively measured. They believe that internal behavior cannot be studied because we cannot see wh at happens in a person’s mind (and therefore cannot objectively measure it).† (McLeod, Cognitive Psychology, 2007). Moral also came from another theory and their idea came from the cognitive theory. Cognitive focus on the thought and that is the part that the moral theorist agree with, but they felt that there is moral part to the thinking.† His theory of moral development was dependent on the thinking of the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget and the American philosopher John Dewey. He was also inspired by James Mark Baldwin. These men had emphasized that human beings develop philosophically and psychologically in a progressive fashion.† (Barger , 2000) These three theorists, Cognitive, Moral and Socialist got their ideas and based them off of each other because there things that they did and did not agree with. Socialist made some small adjustments to their theory and the cognitive theorist went the complete opposite way of the behaviorist. Similarity between cognitive, Moral and social theory: A similarity between these theories is both theories affect people their whole lives. â€Å"However, modeling is not simple imitation, and some people are more likely to beShow MoreRelatedAn Alternative Perspective On Psychiatry s So Called Mental Disorders Essay1717 Words   |  7 Pagestherefore do not require treatment. I think that a licensed psychologist using his name and title to discredit everyone who works in the field of psychology and all of the people living with a mental illness is just as dangerous as a fake treatment for a disease. The specific article I focused on is called â€Å"Bipolar Disorder Is Not An Illness† and it’s both long-winded and disorganized in thought. It begins by criticizing the DSM as a money making tool used by psychologists. Hickey then goes throughRead MoreCan Witnessing or Experiencing Domestic Violence Be Linked to Bullying in Adolescents?1632 Words   |  7 Pagesgetting into fights or even killing a significant other or spouse and how children have committed suicide because they can’t take the hurt of a bully any longer. It is so sad to think about and I cannot put into words how my heart weeps for those people! It’s sickening for me to even think about. But to understand the people behind these instances we have to look at what each of these things are. According to Richard L Davis, â€Å"Under the US statutory law concerning domestic violence, it is generally definedRead MoreSpirituality in the Workplace1975 Words   |  8 Pageshumanistic work environment creates a win-win situation for both employees and the organization. If members of an organization are happy, they will be more productive, more creative, and more fulfilled. 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Metaphysics Essay example - 1838 Words

Metaphysics Whereas sciences deal with particular kinds of beings, metaphysics is concerned with beings as such. According to Aristotle, there is no such thing as mere being; to be is always to be a substance or object, a quantity, a quality, or a member of some other basic category. I. Substance and Accidents Substance is the primary mode of being according to Aristotle. The world is not one of atoms or particles, even though they have a place in the world. The basic notion of Aristotles logic reflects a distinction in the way reality is structured and reflects the basic way that we view reality. Substance is whatever is a natural kind of thing and exists in its own right. Examples are rocks, trees, animals and the like.†¦show more content†¦Aristotles theory was firmly rooted in his broader metaphysics, according to which all things are a combination of matter#8212;a sometimes shadowy, indefinite substance with the potential to become most anything#8212;and form which transforms matter into actual particular things. Aristotle felt that part of the procedure of becoming required two things, the matter as a substratum and the form. The form functions, shapes and defines the thing. Both matter and the form, according to Aristotle, were transcendent and imperishable entities. Matter and form were never separated from one from the other. Matter cannot exist without form, and form cannot exist without matter. The most important and the most valuable is form. This applies equally to the creations of man and to the creations of nature. III. The Four Causes Aristotles doctrine of the four causes is easily misunderstood. To charge Aristotle with having only a dim understanding of causality, however is to accuse him of missing a target he wasnt even aiming at. It is natural for us to think of Aristotles causes in terms of our notion of cause-and-effect, however this is misleading in several ways. We must keep this in mind whenever we use the word cause in connection with his doctrine. Aristotle drew from the attempts of all his predecessors, and learned from their mistakes. There are different ways of answering the question of why things are as they are. These ways ofShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Metaphysics? The Universal Definition Of Metaphysics1140 Words   |  5 PagesGarrett Recto 11-19-2015 PHL 204 FINAL PAPER WHAT IS METAPHYSICS? What is Metaphysics? The universal definition of metaphysics in philosophy is the aspect that deals with the first principle of things, which include abstract concepts of the being, knowing, cause, identity, time and space. Basically, metaphysics encounters the basic questions in such possible terms; what is there and what is it like? As individuals, we attempt to grasp or comprehend the theories and meaning of every aspect toRead More Metaphysics Essay705 Words   |  3 PagesMetaphysics Metaphysics can be defined as an attempt to comprehend the basic characteristics of reality. It is in fact so basic that it is all inclusive, whether something is observable or not. It answers questions of what things must be like in order to exist and how to differentiate from things that seem real but are not. A common thought is that reality is defined as what we can detect from our five senses. This type of philosophy is called empiricism, which is the idea that all knowledgeRead MoreMetaphysics Is The Study Of Reality Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesMeta refers to the Meaning of after or beyond. Metaphysics is the study of reality. 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The project of Metaphysics is the study of existence; Metaphysics purpose is to answer, â€Å"What is reality.† Metaphysics reviews everything in the world that exists, although Metaphysics is a small part of Philosophy itRead MoreThe Metaphysic Of Abstract Particulars1998 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction: In this paper I will present the arguments for tropes and their distinction from universals and particulars as presented by Keith Campbell in his paper â€Å"The Metaphysic of Abstract Particulars.† I will then present a counter argument to Campbell’s evaluation and provide possible responses to those arguments. I will also provide possible adjustments Campbell could make to create a more sound argument. 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Reactive Power Based Rotor Resistance Estimation Engineering Essay Free Essays

Abstract-In this paper, a elaborate survey on the Model Reference Adaptive Controller ( MRAC ) using the reactive power is presented for the on-line appraisal of rotor opposition to keep proper flux orientation in an Indirect Vector Controlled Induction Motor Drive. Choice of reactive power as the functional campaigner in the MRAC automatically makes the system immune to the fluctuation of stator opposition. Furthermore, the alone formation of The MRAC with the instantaneous and steady-state reactive power wholly eliminates the demand of any flux appraisal in the procedure of calculation. We will write a custom essay sample on Reactive Power Based Rotor Resistance Estimation Engineering Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, the method is less sensitive to integrator-related jobs like impetus and impregnation ( necessitating no integrating ) . Simulation consequences have been presented to corroborate the effectivity of the technique. THE indirect field oriented ( IFO ) -controlled initiation motor ( IM ) thrust is widely used in high public presentation industry applications [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] due to its simpleness and fast dynamic response. However, feedforward accommodation of the faux pas frequence, which requires rotor opposition, makes this scheme dependant on machine parametric quantities. Of all the parametric quantities, the rotor opposition undergoes considerable fluctuation and if attention is non taken to counterbalance for the alteration, the flux orientation is lost, ensuing in matching between the d- and q-axes variables. As is good known, the yoke makes the public presentation of the thrust system sulky. Attention is focused to implement field orientation through on-line appraisal of the machine parametric quantities [ 3 ] – [ 6 ] . Many on-line parametric quantity appraisal strategies are available in literature [ 7 ] – [ 20 ] . They are loosely classified as follows Spectral analysis technique Observer based techniques Model mention adaptive system based techniques Heuristic methods Reactive power based technique In one category of method, appraisal of rotor clip changeless is done utilizing the spectral analysis techniques. This group of methods is based on the measured response to a intentionally injected trial signal or an bing characteristic harmonic in the voltage/current spectrum. Stator currents and electromotive forces of the motor are sampled and the parametric quantities are derived from the spectral analysis of these samples. The 2nd categorization of rotor opposition designation strategy used observer based techniques. Most of the methods have used the Extended Kalman Filter, which is a computationally intensive technique [ 11 ] and [ 12 ] . Loron and Laliberte describe the motor theoretical account and the development and tuning of an drawn-out Kalman filter ( EKF ) for parametric quantity appraisal during normal runing conditions without presenting any trial signals. The proposed method requires terminal and rotor velocity measurings and is utile for car tuning an indirect field-oriented accountant or an adaptative direct field-oriented accountant. Zai, DeMarco, and Lipo propose a method for sensing of the reverse rotor clip changeless utilizing the EKF by handling the rotor clip changeless as the 5th province variable along with the stator and rotor currents. The drawbacks are that this method is computationally intensive. The 3rd group of online rotor opposition version methods is based on rules of theoretical account mention adaptative control. This is the attack that has attracted most of the attending due to its comparatively simple execution demands [ 13 ] and [ 14 ] . In add-on to the above methods, there are besides a few techniques proposed which can non be classified in the above three classs. These may be based on the measuring of steady province stator electromotive force, current and motor velocity, the rotor opposition can so be calculated algebraically from the equations derived. These methods are grouped to be Heuristic methods. The chief drawback for the above techniques is that the Rotor Resistance depends on vitamin D and q axis axis rotor flux which in bend depends on Stator Resistance. Therefore if any mistake occurs in the Stator Resistance, the truth of rotor flux deteriorates which in bend affects the truth of estimated Rotor Resistance. Reactive power based rotor opposition calculator [ 1 ] overcomes the disadvantage of above job. Choice of reactive power as the functional campaigner in the Model Reference Adaptive Controller ( MRAC ) automatically makes the system immune to the fluctuation of Stator Resistance. The alone formation of the MRAC with the instantaneous and steady-state reactive power eliminates the demand of any flux appraisal in the procedure of calculation. 2. MRAS based rotor opposition appraisal for vector controlled initiation motor thrusts The parametric quantity can be calculated by the theoretical account mention adaptative system ( MRAS ) , where the end product of a mention theoretical account is compared with the end product of an adjustable or adaptative theoretical account until the mistakes between the two theoretical accounts vanishes to zero. The mistake signal is used to drive an adaptative mechanism ( PI or I controller ) which provides rectification of the rotor opposition. In MRAS, the works ‘s response is forced to track the response of a mention theoretical account, irrespective of the works ‘s parametric quantity fluctuation and burden perturbation consequence. Such a system is defined as a robust system. The mention theoretical account may be fixed or adaptative. Choice of reactive power as the functional campaigner in the Model Reference Adaptive Controller ( MRAC ) automatically makes the system immune to the fluctuation of Stator Resistance. The alone formation of the MRAC with the instantaneous and steady-state reactive power wholly eliminates the demand of any flux appraisal in the procedure of calculation. Therefore, the method is independent of Stator Resistance appraisal and integrating impetus jobs. Fig 1 Basic construction of MRAS In the proposed MRAC ( Fig. 1 ) , the mention theoretical account and adjustable theoretical account compute instantaneous reactive power ( ) and steady-state reactive power ( ) severally. Note that the mention theoretical account is independent of slip frequence ( ) whereas the adjustable theoretical account depends on ( ) . The mistake signal ( ) is fed to the version mechanism block, which yields estimated slip velocity ( ) . Rotor opposition ( ) is so computed from ( ) . 2.1 Theoretical Development of the Proposed Scheme The vitamin D and q axis electromotive forces for IM mentioning to the synchronously revolving ( I†°e ) mention frame can be expressed as ( 1 ) ( 2 ) The instantaneous reactive power ( Q ) can be expressed as ( 3 ) Substituting ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) in ( 3 ) , the new look of Q is ( 4 ) It is worthwhile to advert that the above looks of Q are free from stator opposition, which is a noteworthy characteristic of any reactive power-based strategy. In steady province the derivative footings are zero. Therefore, the look of estimated reactive power ( ) is obtained as reduces to ( 5 ) 2.2 Evaluations and Parameters of Induction Motor The parametric quantities of the initiation machine used for simulation are given in the Table shown below. Table 2.3 Parameters of 2.2KW 150V, 50Hz 6 Pole Induction Machine Parameters Valuess Stator Resistance ( Rs ) Rotor Resistance ( Rr ) Magnetizing Inductance ( Lm ) Stator Inductance ( Ls ) Rotor Inductance ( Ls ) Inertia Jtot Clash B Rated Current Rated Torque 6.03I © 6.085I © 0.4893H 0.5192H 0.5192H 0.007187Kgm2 0.0027Kgm2/s 2.9Amps 7.5Nm 2.3 Simulation Consequences The Performance of MRAS based rotor opposition calculator utilizing reactive power method for vector controlled initiation motor thrusts is analyzed with assorted alterations in rotor opposition for the operating status of 415V/50Hz with rated burden torsion of 7.5Nm With 100 % measure alteration in Rotor Resistance. With 100 % incline alteration in Rotor Resistance. With 100 % trapezoidal alteration in Rotor Resistance Fig 2 Actual and Estimated Rotor Resistance for 100 % measure alteration Rr Fig 3 Actual and Estimated Rotor Resistance for 100 % incline alteration Rr Fig 4 Actual and estimated rotor opposition for 100 % trapezoidal alteration Rr From the consequences, it is observed that estimated rotor opposition is tracking with existent rotor opposition. MRAS based Rotor opposition calculator utilizing reactive power method is studied and designed for vector controlled initiation motor thrusts. The public presentation of rotor opposition calculator utilizing reactive power is analyzed extensively for assorted alterations in rotor opposition. From the consequences obtained, it is observed the mistake between that existent and estimated rotor opposition is ever found to be less than 0.9 % and the subsiding clip is found to be about 1 sec. 3. Analysis of vector controlled drive public presentation with and without calculator Vector control is besides known as the â€Å" field oriented control † , â€Å" flux oriented control † or â€Å" indirect torsion control † . Using field orientation ( Clarke-Park transmutation ) , three-phase current vectors are converted to a planar rotating mention frame ( d-q ) from a 3-dimensional stationary mention frame. The â€Å" vitamin D † constituent represents the flux bring forthing constituent of the stator current and the â€Å" Q † constituent represents the torsion bring forthing constituent. These two decoupled constituents can be independently controlled by go throughing though separate PI accountants. The end products of the PI accountants are transformed back to the 3-dimensional stationary mention plane utilizing the opposite of the Clarke-Park transmutation. The corresponding shift form is pulse breadth modulated driving a Voltage beginning Inverter. This control simulates a individually exited DC motor theoretical account, which provides an first-class torque-speed curve. The transmutation from the stationary mention frame to the revolving mention frame is done and controlled with mention to a specific flux linkage infinite vector ( stator flux linkage, rotor flux linkage or magnetising flux linkage ) . In general, there exists three possibilities for such choice and hence, three different vector controls. They are: Stator flux oriented control, Rotor flux oriented control and magnetising flux oriented control. As the torsion bring forthing constituent in this type of control is controlled merely after transmutation is done and is non the chief input mention, such control is known as â€Å" indirect torsion control † . The most ambitious and finally, the confining characteristic of the field orientation, is the method whereby the flux angle is measured or estimated. Depending on the method of measuring, the vector control is divided into two subcategories: direct and indirect vector control. In direct vector control, the flux measuring is done by utilizing the flux feeling spirals or the Hall devices. This adds to extra hardware cost and in add-on, measuring is non extremely accurate. Therefore, this method is non a really good control technique. The more common method is indirect vector control. In this method, the flux angle is non measured straight, but is estimated from the tantamount circuit theoretical account and from measurings of the rotor velocity, the stator current and the electromotive force. One common technique for gauging the rotor flux is based on the faux pas relation. This requires the measuring of the rotor place and the stator current. With current and place detectors, this method performs moderately good over the full velocity scope. The most high-performance VFDs in operation today employ indirect field orientation based on the faux pas relation. The advantages of the vector control are to better the torsion response compared to the scalar control, full-load torsion near to zero velocity, accurate velocity control and public presentation nearing DC thrust, among others. This chapter gives complete inside informations about indirect vector control strategy. Fig 4 Vector controlled Induction Motor Drives The indirect field oriented control presented here is rotor flux oriented control. Figure 4 shows the complete schematic of rotor opposition appraisal for indirect field oriented control of initiation motor thrusts. The torsion bid is generated as a map of the velocity mistake signal, by and large processed through a PI accountant. The torsion and flux bid are processed in the computation block. The three stage mention current generated from the functional block is compared with the existent current in the hysteresis set current accountant and the accountant takes the necessary action to bring forth PWM pulsations. The PWM pulsations are used to trip the electromotive force beginning inverter to drive the Induction motor. 3.3 Simulation Consequences The IFOC thrust public presentation is analyzed without and with calculator for the operating status. Reference speed = 100rad/sec Reference rotor flux = 0.9wb Load torsion = 7.5Nm ( invariable ) Rotor Resistance = 100 % measure alteration in rotor opposition is given at 1 2nd. 3.3.1 Simulation consequence for decoupled stator current for runing status I with and without rotor opposition calculator Fig 3.3 vitamin D and q axis of stator current for runing status I without Rr calculator Fig 3.4 vitamin D and q axis of stator current for runing status I with Rr calculator 3.3.2 Simulation consequence for torsion for runing status I with and without rotor opposition calculator Fig 3.5 Actual and mention torsion for runing status I without Rr calculator Fig 3.6 Actual and mention torsion for runing status I with Rr calculator 3.3.3 Simulation consequence for rotor flux for runing status I with and without rotor opposition calculator Fig 3.7 Actual and mention rotor flux for runing status I without Rr calculator Fig 3.8 Actual and mention rotor flux for runing status I with Rr calculator 3.5 Significance of Estimation clip on the thrust public presentation In the execution of the calculators, the clip taken for appraisal is an of import parametric quantity. Faster tracking will take to better dynamic public presentation. The cost of the calculator should be low to maintain the cost of the thrust system within the allowable degrees. Hence a survey on the thrust public presentation has been done for assorted appraisal times and the torsion and the flux responses are observed. The consequences are tabulated in Table 3.2 and 3.3. The appraisal clip decides the transeunt public presentation indices like settling clip and peak wave-off in both torsion and flux responses of the vector controlled thrust. The appraisal mistake has less impact on the transeunt public presentation. However the steady province mistake in both torsion and flux response chiefly decided by the appraisal mistake. The thrust public presentation is analyzed with assorted calculators in which the appraisal mistake is kept changeless at 1 % and clip of appraisal is varied. The appraisal mistake and appraisal clip of the vector controlled initiation motor thrust is analyzed for the operating status for mention velocity 100rad/sec, mention rotor flux 0.9wb, the rated burden torsion ( 7.5Nm ) is reduced to 5.5Nm,40 % measure alteration in rotor opposition is given at 2 second.From this the transeunt response in torsion and flux are studied. Table 3.3 Flux Response for Various Estimation Times Table 3.2 Torque Response for Various Estimation Times ESTIMATION TIME ( sec ) Settling TIME ( sec ) PEAK OVERSHOOT ( % ) No hold – – 8*10-3 0.2 0.45 20*10-3 0.23 1.55 30*10-3 0.25 4.95 80*10-3 0.27 6.75 100*10-3 0.55 8.29 1 1.2 11.25 ESTIMATION TIME ( sec ) Settling TIME ( sec ) PEAK OVERSHOOT ( % ) No hold – – 8*10-3 0.11 2.95 20*10-3 0.14 6.55 30*10-3 0.17 10.72 80*10-3 0.2 16.33 100*10-3 0.55 16.55 1 1.15 16.65 Table 3.5 Flux Response for Various Estimation Mistakes Table 3.4 Torque Response for Various Estimation Mistakes ESTIMATION ERROR ( % ) Steady STATE ERROR ( % ) 0 0 0.4 0 1 0.26 1.5 0.44 2 0.65 3 0.71 5 1.03 ESTIMATION ERROR ( % ) Steady STATE ERROR ( % ) 0 0 0.4 0 1 0.39 1.5 0.50 2 0.70 3 0.95 5 1.11 Similarly with same runing conditions the steady province analysis of the torsion and flux response of the thrust can be done by holding the appraisal clip as changeless with assorted appraisal mistakes. The public presentation is studied with a changeless appraisal clip of 20ms. The Torque and the flux responses for the above conditions are tabulated in Table 3.4 and 3.5. The bold Numberss shown in table 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5 are the optimal allowable values of the appraisal clip and appraisal mistake. It is obvious that as the appraisal clip and the appraisal mistake are increased the thrust public presentation is being deteriorated. However it is quiet appealing to settle down with the maximal allowable appraisal clip and appraisal mistake, so that the thrust public presentation is satisfactory. Therefore from the consequences it can be concluded that the public presentation of the thrust is satisfactory with the maximal appraisal clip of 20ms and an appraisal mistake of 1.5 % . 4. Decision The MRAS based Rotor opposition calculator utilizing reactive power method is studied and designed for vector controlled initiation motor thrusts. The public presentation of rotor opposition calculator utilizing reactive power is analyzed extensively for assorted alterations in rotor opposition. From the consequences obtained, it is observed the mistake between that existent and estimated rotor opposition is ever found to be less than 0.9 % and the subsiding clip is found to be about 1 sec. The public presentation of Vector Controlled Induction Motor Drive with and without Rotor Resistance calculator is studied. From the consequences, it is observed that the without rotor opposition calculator, the decouple control is lost which leads to important deteriorates in the public presentation of vector controlled initiation motor thrusts while with rotor opposition calculator, the decouple control is achieved and the public presentation of IFOC is truly enhanced. The maximal allowable appraisal mistake and appraisal clip for rotor opposition appraisal that does non deteriorate the public presentation of IFOC is found to be 1.5 % and 20ms severally. How to cite Reactive Power Based Rotor Resistance Estimation Engineering Essay, Essay examples

Business Ethics in Retail Sector

Question: Discuss about the Business Ethics in Retail Sector. Answer: Introduction: In addition with that, the sustainability factors and engagement of the stakeholders in the sector have been demonstrated. The study also holds the description of the factors that are making the organizations in the retail sector handle ethical issues more sincerely. At lasts the advantage of managing the business ethics that the organizations have received. Various organizations in the retail sector have failed to manage their business in terms of sustainability. This failure has resulted into criticism. Regarding the consumers, especially those who face lowered trust in the sector have suffered most because of the criticism. Objective: The purpose of the study is describing the business ethics in the retail sector. The primary focus of the study is on the ethical issues in the sector. Analysis of the Sector: Ethical Issues in the Retail Sector: Green issue: Among the top retailers among the world the issue that was most common is the environmental issue. The organizations which are at the top of the retail industry such as wall mart considers as the environment as the primary component within the program of ethics. UK retail industry is facing some issues with the green products as the consumers have doubts about the responsibility of the organization toward the environment (Barbosa et al. 2015). In UK only twenty seven percent of consumers are willing to spend on the green products. Figure 1: Green Processes to be maintained in Retail (Source: Barbosa et al. 2015, pp- 367-370) Corporate social responsibility: CSR or corporate social responsibility has become a famous word rapidly. It can be considered as the enlarged perception responsibility. The connection between environment and organization is consisting of different values (Korschun, Bhattacharya and Swain 2014). CSR is generally known as the evaluation of the values. As per the view of an organization, the duty of the organization toward its consumer can be considered as the CSR (Capelle-Blancard and Petit 2012). The integration of economic, social, environment and ethics within business practices and strategies are the concerns of the CSR. At present more than eight thousand organizations is making use of CSR. Figure 2: Jantzi Researchs Weights for Retail Sector (Source: Capelle and Petit 2012, pp- 570) Ethical sourcing: It can be considered as the most critical ethical issue in garment industry. The awareness of the consumer regarding the sustainable sourcing has increased recently because of the growing environmental concerns (Perry, Wood and Fernie 2015). As a result, the consumers are asking for the cloths that are made of organic cotton and can be washed in low temperatures. Considering on the situation, at present many organizations are integrating ethical sourcing as an aspect of corporate responsibility agenda. Figure 3: Audit Program Finding for Ethical Sourcing (Source: Gonzalez 2016, pp- 39) Sustainability in Retail: The issues regarding the sustainability in retain sector are as following. Climate change: The experts consider the important of climate change more than the consumers. A small amount of the consumers recognize the significance of climate change in the retail industry. In terms of the impacts of climate change and its causes, the consumers who indentify the issue of climate change tries to distance themselves from climate change (Howard et al. 2014). It is difficult for the consumers to link issue of climate change and retailers along with their purchasing patterns. For managing this issue the measurement of carbon footprint in the organization are considering as a great source of recognizing the impact of the organization on climate change. The collaboration between the Carbon Trust, retail sector and other parties can be resulted into the development of a standard model for measuring the carbon footprint (Fernie and Sparks 2014). Figure 4: Climate Change Framework (Source: Fernie and Sparks 2014, pp- 217) Waste: It is a crucial issue for the retail sector. The retailers generate a huge amount of waste which is creating massive challenge to the sustainability. Both the consumers and stakeholders are considering the waste reduction sincerely. According to Brandenburg et al. (2014) the waste is the first sustainability issue that haunted the retail industry. Figure 5: Waste Management in Retail (Source: Papargyropoulou et al. 2014, pp- 109) For managing the issue the retail industry is considering the solution, three Rs. The three R represents reduce, reuse and recycle. Reduce refers to the process of providing items to the consumer without excess packaging. Reuse refers that one should donate old merchandise or products to the some organization which can make use of it further. Recycle process refers to donate or sell recyclable products to the organization which does the work of recycling (Brandenburg et al. 2014). At last the waste which cannot be categorized into any of the stated above is disposed. Involvement of Stakeholder in Ethics: On account of the broadness of advantages that manageability programs give to organizations, it is regularly hard to pinpoint a solitary reason a retailer starts a specific project (Carroll and Buchholtz 2014). In any case, unmistakably organizations frequently discovered supportability programs as a result of one or more important partners' advancing needs. Workers, contenders, and government are the main three partners driving retailers to fortify their supportability programs. Figure 6: Influence of the Consumers on Sustainability Activities (Source: Carroll and Buchholtz 2014, pp- 371) The Factors behind Managing Ethics Successfully: The six factors that forced the organization in the retail sector to focus on managing the business ethics are as following. Credibility: For creating credibility is one factor behind concentrating on managing business ethics. The organization that takes moral values sincerely focuses on creating credibility very seriously. It is because the organization wants every person in the society to know its name even the person has no information at all about the organization (Ferrell and Fraedrich 2015). Taken as an example, Infosys drives its business toward social responsibility initiatives and good corporate governance. Decision making: The objective of any organization is to integrating the entire decisions that it has taken from its establishment (Hartman, DesJardins and MacDonald 2014). That is why improved decision making is a great factor every organization in the retail industry. Meeting basic requirement: Being ethical is an essential requirement for any organization in this sector. The employees always wish to work in an organization that is ethical in its processes (Ferrell and Fraedrich 2015). Same goes for the consumers, they always want to buy from the supplier which integrates ethical pretenses. People and leadership: Values that drives an organization is the one of the most crucial factor for any organization. These values are the reason behind uniting the stakeholders and employees in a common platform (Hartman, DesJardins and MacDonald 2014). So uniting people and leadership can be considered as a factor. Securing society: The retail industry considers ethics as a factor for safeguarding the society. Ethics has the potentiality save the society in contrast of slow public interest litigations. Long term gains: According to a survey the organizations that follow values and ethics have been gained more advantage in the long run than those who do not (Khalid, Ramly and Lau 2014). Benefit of Managing Business Ethics: Improved society: Trusts controlled a few markets to the degree that costs were settled and little organizations stifled out. Value settling disabled typical business sector strengths. Workers were ended in light of identities. Impact was connected through terrorizing and provocation. At that point society responded and requested that organizations put high esteem on reasonableness and equivalent rights. Hostile to trust laws were organized (Ruedy et al. 2013). Government organizations were set up. Unions were sorted out. Laws and controls were set up. Maintaining moral course: Consideration regarding industry ethics is basic in the middle of times of inner change times much similar to those mate now by organizations, both for-benefit and not-for-profit. In the course of times of progress, there is frequently no unmistakable good compass to guide pioneers through complex clashes about what is correct or off-base (Zikmund et al. 2013). Promoting sound public image: Regard for ethics is similarly firm advertising, in fact, supervision ethics ought not to be completed mainly for motives of publicity. Yet, to be completely truthful, the method that an organization constantly presents look upon for its ethics can portray a firm positive effect to the common population (Shu et al. 2016). Conclusion: From the above study it can be concluded that the focus on the business ethics can be a very crucial factor for the organizations in the retail sector in terms of gaining long term advantages. From the analysis on the issues in the business ethics it has been recognized that though the organizations have done well in terms of maintaining business ethics, they have to conduct additional several surveys for gaining consumers full support and trust. The stakeholder analysis on the retail sector has made an understandable impact of individual stake holder in terms of improving the business ethics. The figure six indicates that the investor has the most influence for managing the ethics in retail industry. The study was limited in terms of collecting raw data directly from the executives rather it shows the data collected by other authors. References: Barbosa, N.A., Paes, M.C.D., Guimaraes, P.E.D.O. and Pereira, J., 2015. Carotenoid Retention In Minimally Processed Biofortified Green Corn Stored Under Retail Marketing Conditions.Cincia e Agrotecnologia,39(4), pp.363-371. Brandenburg, M., Govindan, K., Sarkis, J. and Seuring, S., 2014. Quantitative models for sustainable supply chain management: Developments and directions.European Journal of Operational Research,233(2), pp.299-312. Capelle-Blancard, G. and Petit, A., 2012.The weighting of CSR dimensions: Does one size fit all. Working paper. Carroll, A.B. and Buchholtz, A.K., 2014.Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Fernie, J. and Sparks, L., 2014.Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Ferrell, O.C. and Fraedrich, J., 2015.Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Gonzalez-Padron, T.L., 2016. Ethics in the Supply Chain: Follow-Up Processes to Audit Results.Journal of Marketing Channels,23(1-2), pp.22-33. Hartman, L.P., DesJardins, J.R. and MacDonald, C., 2014.Business ethics: Decision making for personal integrity and social responsibility. McGraw-Hill. Howard-Grenville, J., Buckle, S.J., Hoskins, B.J. and George, G., 2014. Climate change and management.Academy of Management Journal,57(3), pp.615-623. Khalid Ali, K., Ramly, Z. and Lau, T.C., 2014. Business ethics. Korschun, D., Bhattacharya, C.B. and Swain, S.D., 2014. Corporate social responsibility, customer orientation, and the job performance of frontline employees.Journal of Marketing,78(3), pp.20-37. Papargyropoulou, E., Lozano, R., Steinberger, J.K., Wright, N. and bin Ujang, Z., 2014. The food waste hierarchy as a framework for the management of food surplus and food waste.Journal of Cleaner Production,76, pp.106-115. Perry, P., Wood, S. and Fernie, J., 2015. Corporate social responsibility in garment sourcing networks: Factory management perspectives on ethical trade in Sri Lanka.Journal of Business Ethics,130(3), pp.737-752. Ruedy, N.E., Moore, C., Gino, F. and Schweitzer, M.E., 2013. The cheaters high: The unexpected affective benefits of unethical behavior.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,105(4), p.531. Shu, C., Zhou, K.Z., Xiao, Y. and Gao, S., 2016. How green management influences product innovation in China: The role of institutional benefits.Journal of Business Ethics,133(3), pp.471-485. Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C. and Griffin, M., 2013.Business research methods. Cengage Learning.